Neuromuscular model for walking on uneven ground. Anticipatory adjustments of the leg muscles can adjust the body's centre of mass (CoM) even before the ground changes. Image: Lucas Schreff.
If curbs, steps or other differences in height of the ground are perceived in advance, the muscles can adjust accordingly. The knee and ankle joints are more bent, and the height of the body's centre of gravity changes. This anticipatory muscular adaptation is referred to in research as an anticipatory control strategy or "high-level strategy". Another, less demanding "low-level strategy" is based solely on muscular reflexes. These reflexes are only triggered during walking when the step from the curb or stair step has already been taken, and the risk of tripping and falling is imminent.
"In our study, we sought to discover what influence these different strategies have on gait behaviour and how significant they are for safely overcoming height differences. However, the problem arose that we can never completely switch off either of the two control strategies as humans. Therefore, it is difficult to determine the influence of a single strategy with selected test subjects. With computer simulations, however, such analyses are possible," explains the head of the study PD Dr. Roy Müller, research associate at the Chair of Exercise Science at the University of Bayreuth and Head of the Gait Laboratory at Klinikum Bayreuth GmbH - Medizincampus Oberfranken.
The researchers based their computer simulations on a neuromuscular model in which the muscles are stimulated by reflexes alone. With this model, effects of the "low-level strategy" can be shown in isolation. As it turned out, with this strategy an efficient, accident-preventing adaptation of walking to a suddenly lower surface is only guaranteed if the height difference does not exceed three centimetres. Kerbs, however, are usually five to 12 centimetres high. Apparently, a control strategy based only on reflexes is not sufficient to avoid falls. Therefore, an additional anticipatory strategy was added to this model as part of the study. The computer simulations now showed significant benefits. The combination of a high-level and a low-level strategy ensured that height differences between three and 21 centimetres could be managed without accidents. "This result clearly underlines the importance of anticipatory adaptation in everyday life. It proves that people who are only able to make these adjustments to a limited extent due to reduced vision or neuronal diseases have a significantly higher risk of falling," says Müller.
Following on from the new study, the Bayreuth research team hopes to further pursue its investigations into anticipatory strategies. This includes, for example, the possible influences of medical agents or alcohol, which could weaken this form of muscular control. Further investigations will focus on the question of the extent to which high-level strategies can be strengthened and optimised through training and learning programmes.
Cooperation and research funding
The research was carried out in collaboration with staff at the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center for Integrative Neuroscience in Tübingen, at the University of Stuttgart, and at the Friedrich Schiller University in Jena. They were funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) and the Baden-Württemberg Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts.
Contact for scientific information:
PD Dr. Roy Müller
Sport Science I
Training & Exercise Science
University of Bayreuth
Ganglabor (Gait Laboratory)
Clinic for Orthopaedics/ Clinic for Neurology
Klinikum Bayreuth GmbH
Phone: 0921/400-753444
E-mail: roy.mueller@klinikum-bayreuth.de
Original publication:
Lucas Schreff, Daniel F. B. Haeufle, Johanna Vielemeyer, Roy Müller: Evaluating anticipatory control strategies for their capability to cope with step-down perturbations in computer simulations of human walking. Scientific Reports 12, 10075 (2022), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-14040-0
