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Why it matters
Oxidation reactions enable the production of pharmaceuticals, polymers, fragrances and fuels. However, they are associated with safety risks: conventional oxidation methods often rely on molecular oxygen or highly reactive oxidising agents, which can involve flammability, explosion hazards or the formation of dangerous waste. By using carbon dioxide as the oxygen source for oxidation reactions, many of these problems can be avoided: CO₂ is abundant, non-toxic, non-flammable and significantly safer to handle than traditional oxidising agents. The Bayreuth approach therefore offers an alternative to conventional oxidation chemistry, reducing operational hazards, improving process safety and minimising the formation of harmful by-products.
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Oxidation processes can be observed not only in everyday life—for example when iron rusts or fuels burn—but are also indispensable in industry: the transformation of molecules through oxidation produces active pharmaceutical ingredients and precursors for plastics. Some everyday materials, such as paints and coatings, harden only through oxidation. On an industrial scale, however, where safety and controllability are of central importance, oxidation reactions are avoided wherever possible because they pose safety risks. Many oxidations generate heat, which can lead to so-called thermal runaway, in which the reaction accelerates uncontrollably and may result in fires or explosions. In particular, the use of oxygen as an oxidising agent presents an explosion hazard. Other oxidising agents are also difficult to control due to their chemically aggressive properties.
“Against this background, we have developed a new approach in which carbon dioxide serves as the oxygen source for oxidation reactions. This breakthrough transforms CO₂ from a purely inert greenhouse gas into a valuable synthetic reagent,” says Prof. Dr. Shoubhik Das, Chair of Organic Chemistry I at the University of Bayreuth and senior author of the study. In their work, the researchers demonstrate for the first time a light-driven oxygen transfer system that directly uses CO₂ for the oxidative cleavage of alkenes under ambient conditions. Many plastics are derived from alkenes, making these substances highly important for industry. “Enabled by a robust iron-based heterogeneous photocatalyst, the reaction proceeds at room temperature and normal pressure without the use of hazardous oxidising agents or pressurised oxygen. This makes the reaction safer than conventional oxidations,” Das explains. The light-driven nature of the reaction also makes the approach energy-efficient.
“Beyond establishing a new reaction, our approach opens up a pathway for oxidation processes that meet the growing demands for industrial safety, sustainability and green production. Ultimately, our research contributes to a future in which fundamental chemical transformations are developed with safety, sustainability and environmental responsibility in mind,” says Das.
The study arose from an international collaboration between the University of Bayreuth, the Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, the CNR Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds, the CNR Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes, Stockholm University, Jagiellonian University, the State Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Catalysis and Carbon Dioxide Utilisation, and Politecnico di Milano. The work was funded by a DTU grant (2035-00147B) and start-up funding from the University of Bayreuth.
Contact for scientific information:
Prof. Dr Shoubhik Das
Organic Chemistry I
University of Bayreuth
Phone: +49 (0)921 / 55-2671
E-Mail: shoubhik.das@uni-bayreuth.de
Original publication:
Yuman Qin et al. Photocatalysed oxidative cleavage of alkenes using CO₂ as an oxygen donor. Science (2026)
